Bibliography

[1] BIPED Consortium. BIPED D2.1 – Initial Release of the Digital Twin Platform & Architecture, version 1.0. Horizon Europe Innovation Action “Building Intelligent Positive Energy Districts”, Technical University of Denmark (co‐ordinator), January 2024.

[2] European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy. (26 February 2025). Affordable Energy Action Plan (COM/2025/79). Retrieved 27 May 2025 from https://energy.ec.europa.eu/strategy/affordable-energy_en

[3] Møller-Nielsen, T. (18 February 2025). The EU’s masterplan for competing in industrial manufacturing. Euractiv. Retrieved 27 May 2025 from https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/the-eus-masterplan-for-competing-in-industrial-manufacturing/

[4] European Parliament & Council of the European Union. (23 October 2024). Regulation (EU) 2024/2847 on horizontal cybersecurity requirements for products with digital elements (Cyber Resilience Act). Official Journal of the European Union L 2024/2847, 20 November 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2025 from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32024R2847

[5] European Commission. (n.d.). Digital Markets Act (DMA) – information portal. Retrieved 27 May 2025 from https://ec.europa.eu/dma

[6] European Commission. (18 October 2022). Digitalising the energy system – EU action plan (COM/2022/552 final). Retrieved 27 May 2025 from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:52022DC0552

[7] European Commission. (n.d.). Energy Efficiency Directive – legislation overview. Retrieved 27 May 2025 from https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive_en

[8] European Parliament & Council of the European Union. (13 September 2023). Directive (EU) 2023/1791 on energy efficiency (recast). Official Journal of the European Union L 231, 20 September 2023, pp. 1–111. Retrieved 27 May 2025 from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2023/1791/oj

[9] European Parliament & Council of the European Union. (13 June 2024). 2024). Directive (EU) 2024/1711 amending Directives (EU) 2018/2001 and 2019/944 to improve the Union’s electricity-market design. Official Journal of the European Union L 2024/1711, 26 June 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2025 from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=OJ:L_202401711

[10] European Parliament & Council of the European Union. (13 June 2024). Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act). Official Journal of the European Union L 2024/1689, 12 July 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2025 from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj

[11] European Parliament & Council of the European Union. (30 May 2022). Regulation (EU) 2022/868 on European data governance (Data Governance Act). Official Journal of the European Union L 152, 3 June 2022, pp. 1–44. Retrieved 27 May 2025 from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32022R0868

[12] European Parliament & Council of the European Union. (13 December 2023). Regulation (EU) 2023/2854 on harmonised rules on fair access to and use of data (Data Act). Official Journal of the European Union L 2023/2854, 22 December 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2025 from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/2854/oj

[13] European Parliament & Council of the European Union. (13 June 2024). Regulation (EU) 2024/1747 amending Regulations (EU) 2019/942 and 2019/943 to improve the Union’s electricity-market design. Official Journal of the European Union L 2024/1747, 25 July 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2025 from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=OJ:L_202401747

[14] European Parliament & Council of the European Union. (5 June 2019; consolidated 16 July 2024). Directive (EU) 2019/944 on common rules for the internal market for electricity. Retrieved 27 May 2025 from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/944/2024-07-16

[15] European Commission. (n.d.). European Green Deal – flagship policy portal. Retrieved 27 May 2025 from https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en

[16] European Commission. (n.d.). REPowerEU: Affordable, secure and sustainable energy for Europe. Retrieved 27 May 2025 from https://commission.europa.eu/topics/energy/repowereu_en

[17] European Commission. (n.d.). Fit for 55: Delivering on the proposals. Retrieved 27 May 2025 from https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/delivering-european-green-deal/fit-55-delivering-proposals_en

[18] European Parliament & Council of the European Union. (27 April 2016). Regulation (EU) 2016/679 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data… (General Data Protection Regulation, GDPR). Official Journal of the European Union L 119, 4 May 2016, pp. 1–88. Retrieved 27 May 2025 from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32016R0679

[19] European Parliament & Council of the European Union. (18 October 2023). Directive (EU) 2023/2413 amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001, Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 and Directive 98/70/EC as regards the promotion of energy from renewable sources, and repealing Council Directive 2015/652. Official Journal of the European Union L 2023/2413, 31 October 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2025 from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2023/2413/oj

[20] European Commission. Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) – CEF Digital. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/cef (accessed 27 May 2025).

[21] European Commission. Shaping Europe’s Digital Future. Available at: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu (accessed 27 May 2025).

[22] EOSC Association. European Open Science Cloud (EOSC). Available at: https://eosc.eu (accessed 27 May 2025).

[23] Gaia-X European Association for Data and Cloud. Gaia-X: A Federated Secure Data Infrastructure. Available at: https://www.gaia-x.eu (accessed 27 May 2025).

[24] European Innovation Council. GenAI4EU: Creating European Champions in Generative AI (EIC Accelerator Challenges 2025). Available at: https://eic.ec.europa.eu/eic-funding-opportunities/eic-accelerator/eic-accelerator-challenges-2025/genai4eu-creating-european-champions-generative-ai_en (accessed 27 May 2025).

[25] AI4EU Consortium (n.d.) AI4EU: The European AI-on-Demand Platform and Ecosystem. Available at: https://ai4eu.eu (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[26] BATTERY 2030+ Initiative (n.d.) BATTERY 2030+: Sustainable Batteries of the Future. Available at: https://battery2030.eu (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[27] BIPED Consortium (n.d.) Building Intelligent Positive Energy Districts (BIPED). Available at: https://www.bi-ped.eu/ (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[28] Blue-Bird Consortium (n.d.) BLUE-BIRD: Buildings as Energy Flexibility Assets. Available at: https://bluebird-project.eu/ (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[29] CLIMRES Consortium (n.d.) CLIMRES: Leadership for Climate-Resilient Buildings. Available at: https://climres.eu/ (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[30] CO-MANAGE Consortium (n.d.) CO-MANAGE Project. Available at: https://comanage.spindoxlabs.com/ (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[31] COMMUNITAS Consortium (n.d.) COMMUNITAS Project. Available at: https://communitas-project.eu/about/project/ (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[32] COSMIC Consortium (n.d.) COSMIC Project. Available at: https://cosmicproject.eu/ (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[33] DECODiT Consortium (n.d.) DECODiT Project. Available at: https://decodit-project.eu/ (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[34] DEDALUS Consortium (n.d.) DEDALUS Project. Available at: https://dedalus-horizon.eu/ (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[35] ECLIPSE Consortium (n.d.) ECLIPSE Project. Available at: https://eclipse-digital.eu/ (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[36] ECO-EMPOWER Consortium (n.d.) ECO-EMPOWER Project. Available at: https://ecoempower.eu/About/Project (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[37] EDDIE Consortium (n.d.) EDDIE Project. Available at: https://eddie.energy/ (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[38] EKATE Consortium (n.d.) EKATE Project. Available at: https://www.ekate.eu/es/bienvenida/ (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[39] ENERGIZE Community Project (n.d.) ENERGIZE Community Platform. Available at: https://www.energizecommunity.eu/ (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[40] FFG—Austrian Research Promotion Agency (n.d.) Project ID 4875822. Available at: https://projekte.ffg.at/projekt/4875822 (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[41] Hydrogen4EU Consortium (n.d.) Hydrogen4EU Project. Available at: https://hydrogen4eu.eu (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[42] IntNet Consortium (n.d.) INTNET Project. Available at: https://intnet.eu/ (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[43] INTELLIGENT Consortium (n.d.) INTELLIGENT EU-Project. Available at: https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/intelligent-eu/posts/?feedView=all (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[44] Interreg Europe (n.d.) MONITOREE Project. Available at: https://www.interregeurope.eu/monitoree (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[45] NetZeroCities (n.d.) Lappeenranta Pilot City Activity: Integrated Digital Solutions. Available at: https://netzerocities.eu/lappeenrantas-pilot-city-activity-integrated-digital-solutions/ (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[46] Parmenides Consortium (n.d.) Parmenides Project. Available at: https://parmenides-project.eu/ (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[47] RELIFE Consortium (n.d.) RELIFE Project. Available at: https://relife-project.eu/ (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[48] RENOWAVE Consortium (n.d.) RENOWAVE Project. Available at: https://interreg-baltic.eu/project/renowave/ (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[49] SUN4ALL Consortium (n.d.) SUN4ALL Project. Available at: https://sunforall.eu/ (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[50] V2Market Consortium (n.d.) V2Market Project. Available at: https://v2market-project.eu (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[51] Open223. “Open223 Documentation.” Available at: https://docs.open223.info (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[52] BONSAI Ontology. “BONSAI entry in the OntoList.” Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Laboratory for Process Systems Engineering. Available at: http://lpis.csd.auth.gr/ontologies/ontolist.html#bonsai (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[53] BRICK Consortium. BRICK Schema – A Uniform Metadata Ontology for Buildings. Available at: https://brickschema.org (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[54] International Electrotechnical Commission. IEC Common Information Model (CIM). Available at: https://www.iec.ch/cim (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[55] Open Geospatial Consortium. CityGML Standard. Available at: https://www.ogc.org/publications/standard/citygml/ (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[56] CityGML Wiki. “CityGML Energy ADE 2.0.” Available at: https://www.citygmlwiki.org/index.php?title=CityGML_Energy_ADE_V._2.0 (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[57] CityGML Wiki. “CityGML UtilityNetwork ADE.” Available at: https://www.citygmlwiki.org/index.php?title=CityGML_UtilityNetworkADE (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[58] BIGG Project. BIGG Ontology Repository. Available at: https://github.com/BeeGroup-cimne/biggontology (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[59] BIGG Project. “Barcelona Use-Case README.” Available at: https://github.com/BeeGroup-cimne/biggontology/blob/main/use_cases/barcelona_use_case/README.md (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[60] ENTSO-E. CIM for Grid Models Exchange. Available at: https://www.entsoe.eu/digital/common-information-model/cim-for-grid-models-exchange/ (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[61] Mondragon University. DABGEO Ontology. Available at: https://innoweb.mondragon.edu/ontologies/dabgeo/index-en.html (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[62] De Leeuw, A. et al. “A Semantic Interoperability Approach for …” IEEE Xplore (Paper ID 9610686). Available at: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9610686 (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[63] DLMS User Association. DLMS/COSEM Core Specifications. Available at: https://www.dlms.com/core-specifications/ (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[64] Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Energy Flexibility Ontology Repository. Available at: https://github.com/LBNL-ETA/EnergyFlexibilityOntology (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[65] GECAD/ISEP. “MASCEM Ontologies.” Available at: http://www.mascem.gecad.isep.ipp.pt/ontologies/ (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[66] Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Energy Management KPI Ontology (EM-KPI). Available at: https://energy.linkeddata.es/em-kpi/ontology/index-en.html (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[67] HyperRide Project. “HyperRide – Hyper-connected Power Electronics for Smart Grids.” Available at: https://hyperride.eu (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[68] International Electrotechnical Commission. IEC 62325-451-1:2017 – CIM for Energy Markets. IEC Webstore, Publication 29062. Available at: https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/29062 (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[69] International Electrotechnical Commission. IEC 61850 Standard Family Portal. Available at: https://iec61850.dvl.iec.ch/ (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[70] Chi, Y. and Carnegie, K. Introduction to IEC 61850 – Basics, Revision 2. Washington State University, 2020. Available at: https://s3.wp.wsu.edu/uploads/sites/2217/2020/03/Introduction-to-IEC-61850-Basics-R2_Chi-Carnegie.pdf (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[71] International Electrotechnical Commission. IEC TR 61850-1:2013 – Communication Networks and Systems in Substations – Introduction and Overview. Available at: https://cdn.standards.iteh.ai/samples/20205/0c65bc990e3b478ebbabcdd4e8f93e48/IEC-TR-61850-1-2013.pdf (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[72] buildingSMART International. IFC 4.3 Documentation Portal. Available at: https://ifc43-docs.standards.buildingsmart.org/ (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[73] OASIS. Energy Market Information Exchange (EMIX) Version 1.0. Available at: https://docs.oasis-open.org/emix/emix/v1.0/emix-v1.0.html (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[74] Open Energy Platform. “OEMA Ontology.” Available at: https://openenergyplatform.org/ontology/ (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[75] Academic Press. “Cascading Effects Ontology.” Safety Science, 77 (2015): 80–94. Abstract available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1474034615000981 (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[76] Kucuk, D. et al. “OntoPowSy: An OWL Ontology for Power Systems.” IEEE Xplore (Paper ID 8598509). Available at: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8598509 (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[77] Kucuk, D. OntoWind – Wind-Energy Ontology Repository. Available at: https://github.com/dkucuk/Energy-Ontologies-OntoWind (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[78] Al-Baiz, Q. OpenADR Ontology Repository. Available at: https://github.com/albaizq/OpenADRontology (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[79] Al-Baiz, Q. “OpenADR Ontology Documentation.” Available at: https://albaizq.github.io/OpenADRontology/OnToology/ontology/openADRontology.owl/documentation/index-en.html (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[80] Open Field Message Bus. “OpenFMB Standard.” Available at: https://openfmb.net/ (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[81] Parmenides Project. “Parmenides – Knowledge Graphs for Energy.” Available at: https://parmenides-project.eu (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[82] AIT Austrian Institute of Technology. “PECO-Core Ontology Documentation.” Available at: https://parmenides.ait.ac.at/docs/peco-core/index.html (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[83] Kucuk, D. PQONT – Power-Quality Ontology Repository. Available at: https://github.com/dkucuk/Energy-Ontologies-PQONT (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[84] ETSI. SAREF – Smart Applications REFerence Ontology Portal. Available at: https://saref.etsi.org (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[85] ETSI. “SAREF4Building Ontology v1.1.2.” Available at: https://saref.etsi.org/saref4bldg/v1.1.2/saref4bldg.ttl (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[86] ETSI. “SAREF4EnergyHomeAppliances & White-Goods Ontology v1.1.1.” Available at: https://saref.etsi.org/saref4ehaw/v1.1.1/saref4ehaw.ttl (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[87] ETSI. “SAREF4Energy Ontology v1.2.1.” Available at: https://saref.etsi.org/saref4ener/v1.2.1/ (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[88] Mines Saint-Étienne. “SEAS Knowledge Model Portal.” Available at: https://ci.mines-stetienne.fr/seas/index.html (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[89] Mines Saint-Étienne. “SEAS Knowledge Model Documentation.” Available at: https://ci.mines-stetienne.fr/seas/ (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[90] Sezer, O. B. IoT Smart-Home Ontology Simulator Repository. Available at: https://github.com/omerbsezer/IoTSmartHomeOntologySimulator (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[91] Rai Research Group. SSCO – Semantic Smart-City Ontology Repository. Available at: https://github.com/RaiResearchGroup/SSCO (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[92] World Wide Web Consortium. SSN/SOSA Ontology. Available at: https://www.w3.org/TR/vocab-ssn/ (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[93] Vienna University of Technology. “ThinkHome Project – Ontology Resources.” Available at: https://www.auto.tuwien.ac.at/downloads/thinkhome/ontology/ (Accessed 27 May 2025).

[94] European Parliament and Council. (2024). Directive (EU) 2024/1711 of 13 June 2024 amending Directives (EU) 2018/2001 and (EU) 2019/944 as regards improving the Union’s electricity-market design (Text with EEA relevance). Official Journal of the European Union, L 1711. Retrieved 27 May 2025 from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=OJ:L_202401711

[95] Energy Poverty Advisory Hub. (n.d.). Energy Poverty Advisory Hub [website]. Directorate-General for Energy, European Commission. Retrieved 27 May 2025 from https://energy-poverty.ec.europa.eu/ (energy-poverty.ec.europa.eu)

[96] Palma, P., & Gouveia, J. P. (2022, February). Bringing energy poverty research into local practice: Exploring subnational scale analyses. Energy Poverty Advisory Hub. Retrieved 27 May 2025 from https://energy-poverty.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2024-07/EPAH_Bringing%20Energy%20Poverty%20Research%20into%20local%20practice_final.pdf (energy-poverty.ec.europa.eu)

[97] European Commission. (2019). Clean Energy for All Europeans. Publications Office of the European Union. Retrieved 27 May 2025 from https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/b4e46873-7528-11e9-9f05-01aa75ed71a1 (EUR-Lex)

[98] European Commission, Directorate-General for Climate Action. (2020, December). European Climate Pact. Retrieved 27 May 2025 from https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/eu-climate-action/pact_en (European Commission)

[99] Vondung, F., & Thema, J. (2019). Energy poverty in the EU: Indicators as a base for policy action. ECEEE Summer Study Proceedings, 569–578.

[100] Herrero, S. T. (2017). Energy-poverty indicators: A critical review of methods. Indoor and Built Environment, 26(7), 1018–1031. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X17718054

[101] Thomson, H., Bouzarovski, S., & Snell, C. (2017). Rethinking the measurement of energy poverty in Europe: A critical analysis of indicators and data. Indoor and Built Environment, 26(7), 879–901. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X17699260

[102] European Commission. (2021). The Just Transition Mechanism: Making sure no one is left behind. Retrieved 27 May 2025 from https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/finance-and-green-deal/just-transition-mechanism_en (European Commission)

[103] ENTSO-E. “Common Information Model (CIM) for Grid Models Exchange.” ENTSO-E website, Brussels. Available online: https://www.entsoe.eu/digital/common-information-model/cim-for-grid-models-exchange/ (accessed 27 May 2025).

[104] ENTSO-E. CGMES Roadmap. System Operation Committee–approved document, 5 December 2018. Brussels: ENTSO-E. Available online: https://www.entsoe.eu/Documents/CIM_documents/CGMES_Roadmap_2018-SOC.pdf (accessed 27 May 2025).

[105] INT:net Consortium. CIM/CGMES Interoperability Test (IOP) Report. INT:net Project Publication, 2023. Available online: https://intnet.eu/images/intnet_IOP_report.pdf (accessed 27 May 2025).

[106] ENTSO-E. “CIM-CGMES: Harmonisation of the IEC Common Information Model with the Common Grid Model Exchange Specification.” Brussels: ENTSO-E, 2024.

[107] International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). IEC TS 61970-600-1 and IEC TS 61970-600-2:2017, Common Grid Model Exchange Specification (CGMES). Geneva: IEC, 2017.

[108] Ma, Z.; Jørgensen, B. N.; Prljaca, Z. “Global Smart Grid Transferability: Insights from Europe, the U.S., and China.” Journal of Energy and Power Engineering 9 (12): 1078–1092, December 2015. doi:10.17265/1934-8975/2015.12.006.

[109] Dinkelbach, J.; Razik, L.; Mirz, M.; Benigni, A.; Monti, A. “Template-based Generation of Programming Language-specific Code for Smart Grid Modelling Compliant with CIM and CGMES.” The Journal of Engineering 2023:e12208, 2022. doi:10.1049/tje2.12208.

[110] Cuenca, J., Larrinaga, F., Eciolaza, L., and Curry, E. “Towards Cognitive Cities in the Energy Domain.” Designing Cognitive Cities, pp. 155-183. Springer, 2019.

[111] Mondragon Unibertsitatea. “DABgeo Ontology.” Accessed 27 May 2025. https://innoweb.mondragon.edu/ontologies/dabgeo/index-en.html.

[112] F. Kaya and J. Gordijn, "DECENT: An Ontology for Decentralized Governance in the Renewable Energy Sector," 2021 IEEE 23rd Conference on Business Informatics (CBI), Bolzano, Italy, 2021, pp. 11-20, doi: 10.1109/CBI52690.2021.00012.

[113] Ngcobo, T. J., & Ghayoor, F. (2022). An overview of DLMS/COSEM and g3-PLC for smart metering applications. International Journal on Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.2478/ijssis-2022-0011

[114] Lekidis, A., Daniil, G., Mavrommatis, P., Lampropoulos, K., & Koufopavlou, O. (2023). AMINet: An industrial honeynet for AMI systems. In Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (pp. 3009–3016). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/BigData59044.2023.10386375

[115] Zaraket, C., Dogas, I., Kalyvas, D., Papageorgas, P., Aillerie, M., & Agavanakis, K. (2022). Open-source LoRaWAN telemetry test bench for smart grid: A DLMS/COSEM implementation case study. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2437, 020196. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0095471

[116] Süzer, E. S. (2021, February 3). DLMS/COSEM communication protocol. Aktif Elektroteknik. https://aktif.net/en/dlms-cosem-communication-protocol/

[117] International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). IEC 61400-25-1:2017, Wind energy generation systems — Part 25-1: Communications for monitoring and control of wind power plants — Overall description of principles and models. Edition 2.0. Geneva: IEC, 2017.

[118] Liu, N., Zhang, J., and Liu, W. “A Security Mechanism of Web Services-Based Communication for Wind Power Plants.” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 23, no. 4 (October 2008): 1930–1938. doi:10.1109/TPWRD.2008.923521.

[119] International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). IEC 61400-25-2:2015, Wind energy generation systems — Part 25-2: Communications for monitoring and control of wind power plants — Information models. Edition 2.0. Geneva: IEC, 2015.

[120] International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). IEC 61400-25-3:2015, Wind energy generation systems — Part 25-3: Communications for monitoring and control of wind power plants — Information exchange models. Edition 2.0. Geneva: IEC, 2015.

[121] International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). IEC 61400-25-4:2016, Wind energy generation systems — Part 25-4: Communications for monitoring and control of wind power plants — Mapping to communication profile. Edition 2.0. Geneva: IEC, 2016.

[122] International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). IEC 61400-25-5:2017, Wind energy generation systems — Part 25-5: Communications for monitoring and control of wind power plants — Compliance testing. Edition 2.0. Geneva: IEC, 2017.

[123] International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). IEC 61400-25-6:2016, Wind energy generation systems — Part 25-6: Communications for monitoring and control of wind power plants — Condition monitoring. Edition 2.0. Geneva: IEC, 2016.

[124] International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). “IEC 61850 – Home.” Available at https://iec61850.dvl.iec.ch/ (accessed 27 May 2025).

[125] Haffar, M.; Khan, Z. H.; Thiriet, J.-M.; Savary, E. “An Extension to IEC 61850 for Solving Selectivity Problem in Electrical Substations.” Proceedings of the 23rd IAR Workshop on Advanced Control and Diagnosis, Coventry (UK), November 2008.

[126] International Electrotechnical Commission. “IEC 61850 Standard Web Portal.” Online resource, last updated 2019. Available at: https://iec61850.dvl.iec.ch/ (accessed 27 May 2025).

[127] Carnegie, C. Introduction to IEC 61850 Basics. NovaTech LLC, instructional slide deck, copyright 2018. Available at: https://s3.wp.wsu.edu/uploads/sites/2217/2020/03/Introduction-to-IEC-61850-Basics-R2_Chi-Carnegie.pdf (accessed 27 May 2025).

[128] International Electrotechnical Commission. IEC/TR 61850-1:2013 – Communication Networks and Systems for Power Utility Automation, Part 1: Introduction and Overview. Technical Report, Edition 2.0, Geneva, March 2013. Available at: https://cdn.standards.iteh.ai/samples/20205/0c65bc990e3b478ebbabcdd4e8f93e48/IEC-TR-61850-1-2013.pdf (accessed 27 May 2025).

[129] buildingSMART International. IFC 4.3.2.20241204 (IFC4X3_ADD2) Documentation. 4 Dec 2024. Available at: https://ifc43-docs.standards.buildingsmart.org/ (accessed 27 May 2025). (ifc43-docs.standards.buildingsmart.org)

[130] OASIS Committee. Energy Market Information Exchange (EMIX) Version 1.0. OASIS Committee Specification 02, edited by Toby Considine, 11 January 2012. Available at http://docs.oasis-open.org/emix/emix/v1.0/emix-v1.0.html

[131] OpenADR Alliance. OpenADR 2.0 Demand Response Program Implementation Guide. Revision 0.95, OpenADR Alliance, 2016. Available at https://www.openadr.org/assets/openadr_drprogramguide_v1.0.pdf

[132] Ghatikar, Girish, and Ed Koch. “Deploying Systems Interoperability and Customer Choice within Smart Grid.” Grid-Interop Forum 2012 Proceedings, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Report LBNL-6560E, December 2012. Available at http://drrc.lbl.gov/sites/drrc.lbl.gov/files/LBNL-6560E.pdf

[133] OASIS Energy Market Information Exchange Technical Committee. “OASIS Energy Market Information Exchange (eMIX) TC.” OASIS website. Accessed May 25, 2025. Available at https://www.oasis-open.org/committees/emix/

[134] S. Hamrioui, The Success of European Projects using New Information and Communication Technologies, 2016. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Cybersecurity-Ontology_fig3_317177717.

[135] Z. Syed, A. Padia, T. Finin, L. Mathews, and A. Joshi, “UCO: A Unified Cybersecurity Ontology,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Security and Cryptology, 2016. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/UCO-ontology-serves-as-the-core-for-cybersecurity-Linked-Open-Data-LOD-cloud_fig4_287195565.

[136] Degha, H. E., Laallam, F. Z., Said, B., & Saba, D. (2018). Onto-SB: Human Profile Ontology for Energy Efficiency in Smart Building. In Proceedings of the 2018 3rd International Conference on Pattern Analysis and Intelligent Systems (PAIS) (pp. 1–6). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/PAIS.2018.8598509

[137] Lygerakis, F., Kampelis, N., & Kolokotsa, D. (2022). Knowledge Graphs’ Ontologies and Applications for Energy Efficiency in Buildings: A Review. Energies, 15(20), 7520. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15207520

[138] Degha, H. E. (2019). Open-SBS-Smart-Building-Simulator [GitHub repository]. GitHub. https://github.com/deghahoussem/Open-SBS-Smart-Building-Simulator (accessed 28 May 2025)

[139] Küçük, D. (2018). Energy-Ontologies-OntoWind [GitHub repository]. GitHub. https://github.com/dkucuk/Energy-Ontologies-OntoWind (Retrieved May 28, 2025)

[140] Küçük, D., & Küçük, D. (2018). OntoWind: An improved and extended wind energy ontology. arXiv preprint arXiv:1803.02808. https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.02808

[141] Küçük, D., & Arslan, Y. (2014). Semi-automatic construction of a domain ontology for wind energy using Wikipedia articles. arXiv preprint arXiv:1410.8581. https://arxiv.org/abs/1410.8581

[142] Fernández-Izquierdo, J., Ruiz, L., Cañadas, F., & Martínez, F. J. (2020). OpenADR Ontology: Semantic Enrichment of Demand Response Strategies in Smart Grids. In Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Smart Energy Systems and Technologies (SEST) (pp. 1–6). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/SEST48500.2020.9203093

[143] Steinert, A., Ferenz, S., & Niesse, A. (2025). Choosing the Right Ontology to Describe Research Data in the Energy Domain. ACM SIGENERGY Energy Informatics Review, 4(4), 33–48. https://doi.org/10.1145/xxxxx

[144] OpenADR Ontology Documentation. (n.d.). In OnToology: OpenADRontology. Retrieved May 28, 2025, from https://albaizq.github.io/OpenADRontology/OnToology/ontology/openADRontology.owl/documentation/index-en.html#desc

[145] Open Field Message Bus (OpenFMB). “OpenFMB,” OpenFMB, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://openfmb.net/ (accessed May 28, 2025).

[146] Open Energy Solutions. “Open FMB Plugfest Overview v2,” OpenEnergySolutions.com, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://openenergysolutions.com/api/uploads/Open_FMB_Plugfest_Overview_v2_c39ef55e7e.pdf (accessed May 28, 2025).

[147] M. Baggu, K. Prabakar, K. Schneider, S. Laval, J. Hansen, R. Melton et al., “A Distributed Power System Control Architecture for Improved Distribution System Resiliency,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 9957–9970, 2019. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2891368.

[148] Xtensible Solutions, LLC. “OpenFMB v2.0 UML Model Released with Focus on DER,” Xtensible Solutions blog, September 13, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.xtensible.net/openfmb-v2-0-uml-model-released-with-focus-on-der/ (accessed May 28, 2025).

[149] D. Küçük, Ö. Salor, T. İnan, İ. Cadırci, and M. Ermiş, “PQONT: A domain ontology for electrical power quality,” Advanced Engineering Informatics, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 84–95, Jan. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.aei.2009.06.009.

[150] ETSI, “Smart Appliances REFerence ontology (SAREF),” ETSI GS CIM 009 V1.1.1, European Telecommunications Standards Institute, Oct. 2016. [Online]. Available: https://saref.etsi.org. [Accessed: May 28, 2025].

[151] European Telecommunications Standards Institute. ETSI TS 103 410-3 V1.1.2 (2020-05): SmartM2M; Extension to SAREF; Part 3: Building Domain (SAREF4BLDG). Available: https://saref.etsi.org/saref4bldg/ [Accessed: 28-May-2025].

[152] European Telecommunications Standards Institute. (2020, July 1). SAREF4EHAW: Extension of SAREF for the eHealth/Ageing-well domain (v1.1.1). Retrieved May 28, 2025, from https://saref.etsi.org/saref4ehaw/

[153] European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). (2020). ETSI TS 10341001 V1.1.2: SAREF4ENER – an extension of SAREF for the energy domain created in collaboration with Energy@Home and EEBus. Available at: https://saref.etsi.org/saref4ener/v1.1.2/ (Accessed 28 May 2025).

[154] Beck, A. L. & Rai, V. (2019). Solar Soft Cost Ontology: A Review of Solar Soft Costs. Progress in Energy, 2(1), 012001. https://doi.org/10.1088/2516-1083/ab59be

[155] World Wide Web Consortium. “SSN — Semantic Sensor Network Ontology.” W3C Recommendation, 25 Feb. 2017. https://www.w3.org/TR/vocab-ssn/ (accessed May 28, 2025).

[156] Compton, Michael; Barnaghi, Payam; Bermudez, Leonardo; García-Castro, Ricardo; Corcho, Óscar; Cox, Simon; Little, Clare; et al. “The SSN Ontology of the W3C Semantic Sensor Network Incubator Group.” Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web, vol. 17, 2012, pp. 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.websem.2012.05.003.

[157] Payonga, L. R., Madani, H., Gunasekara, S. N., Sipetić, M., Giordano, F. and Stefan, M., “Generic Definition and Information Model for Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (HESS),” in Proceedings of Open Source Modelling and Simulation of Energy Systems (OSMSES 2024), Vienna, Austria, 2024.

[158] Stefan, M., Sipetić, M., Giordano, F., Kazmi, J., Payonga, L. R., Madani, H., Sebilleau, D. and Conrec, L., “PARMENIDES – Enabling Flexibility Provision in Renewable Energy Communities through an Ontology-driven Interoperable ICT Architecture,” in CIRED 2024 Vienna Workshop, Vienna, Austria, 2023.

[159] BeyondEE Consortium. BeyondEE – Next-Generation Energy Efficiency through Integrated Data Analytics and Modelling, Horizon 2020 Project (Grant Agreement No. 101000000), 2021.

[160] Climate Ready Barcelona Consortium. Climate Ready Barcelona: Tools for Energy and Climate Resilience. Horizon 2020 project website, https://climatereadybcn.eu/en/ (accessed May 29, 2025).

[161] European Association for the Storage of Energy (EASE). About EASE. https://ease-storage.eu/about-ease/ (accessed May 29, 2025).

[162] Jeanson, Benoît. “Energy Grid Ontology for Digital Twins Is Now Available.” Microsoft Tech Community Blog, May 10, 2021. https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/blog/iotblog/energy-grid-ontology-for-digital-twins-is-now-available/ (accessed May 29, 2025).

[163] Rossi, Alessandro, Marzia Mammina, Jawad Haider Kazmi, Zhiyu Pan, Charles Emehel, Bharath Varsh Rao, and Antonello Monti. “Development and Application of a New Ontology in the Context of Hybrid AC/DC Grids.” In Proceedings of the 2023 IARIA Annual Congress on Frontiers in Science, Technology, Services, and Applications, Valencia, Spain, November 2023. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378067583_Development_and_Application_of_a_New_Ontology_in_the_Context_of_Hybrid_ACDC_Grids (accessed May 29, 2025).

[164] Open Energy Platform. Open Energy Ontology (OEO). https://openenergyplatform.org/ontology/ (accessed May 29, 2025).

[165] Tomašević, Nikola M., Marko Č. Batić, Luis M. Blanes, Marcus M. Keane, and Sanja Vraneš. “Ontology-Based Facility Data Model for Energy Management.” Advanced Engineering Informatics 29, no. 4 (September 2015): 971–984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2015.09.003 (accessed May 29, 2025).

[166] Salameh, Khouloud, Richard Chbeir, Haritza Camblong, Gilbert Tekli, and Ionel Vechiu. “A Generic Ontology-Based Information Model for Better Management of Microgrids.” In Artificial Intelligence Applications and Innovations, IFIP AICT 458, edited by Stavros D. Lambrinidis et al., 451–466. Springer, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23868-5_33 (accessed May 29, 2025).

[167] Haghgoo, Mahsa, Marc Karnik, Cristiano A. Castro, and Sanja Vraneš. “SARGON – SmArt eneRGy dOmain oNtology.” IET Smart Systems and Integration, published online July 2020. https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1049/iet-smc.2020.0049 (accessed May 29, 2025).